{"id":19497,"date":"1999-03-01T06:08:00","date_gmt":"1999-03-01T06:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/?p=19497"},"modified":"2023-10-24T12:05:46","modified_gmt":"2023-10-24T12:05:46","slug":"new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/","title":{"rendered":"New Trends in Egypt&#8217;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This paper analyzes Egypt\u2019s trade policy reforms since 1980 to evaluate the general openness of the economy. Changes in tariffs, additional taxes and subsidies, non-tariff barriers and the exchange rate system are surveyed as indicators of liberalization trends in the economy. The analysis extends beyond the status quo and considers the future of trade liberalization in light of Egypt\u2019s involvement in multilateral, regional and bilateral trade agreements with the European Union, the United Sates, Eastern and Southern Africa, and Arab countries. The paper identifies the challenges to future liberalization of Egypt\u2019s trade, including the prospect of strong competition abroad. Subcontracting, maintaining a responsive exchange rate, improving the indicators of competitiveness are among the recommendations for increasing Egypt\u2019s integration in global trade.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abstract: This paper analyzes Egypt\u2019s trade policy reforms since 1980 to evaluate the general openness of the economy. Changes in tariffs, additional taxes and subsidies, non-tariff barriers and the exchange rate system are surveyed as indicators of liberalization trends in the economy. The analysis extends beyond the status quo and considers the future of trade [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":29971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-working-papers"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>New Trends in Egypt&#039;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New Trends in Egypt&#039;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Abstract: This paper analyzes Egypt\u2019s trade policy reforms since 1980 to evaluate the general openness of the economy. Changes in tariffs, additional taxes and subsidies, non-tariff barriers and the exchange rate system are surveyed as indicators of liberalization trends in the economy. The analysis extends beyond the status quo and considers the future of trade [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ECES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/W-P-36-En-1-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1806\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin-eces-staging\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin-eces-staging\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin-eces-staging\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/7981d9621302fef3e6e0a1f65d658135\"},\"headline\":\"New Trends in Egypt&#8217;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges\",\"datePublished\":\"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\"},\"wordCount\":134,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Working Papers\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\",\"name\":\"New Trends in Egypt's Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"New Trends in Egypt&#8217;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/\",\"name\":\"ECES\",\"description\":\"The Egyptian Center For Economic Studies\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization\",\"name\":\"ECES\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/eces-logo-blue-text-beside.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/eces-logo-blue-text-beside.png\",\"width\":1794,\"height\":324,\"caption\":\"ECES\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/7981d9621302fef3e6e0a1f65d658135\",\"name\":\"admin-eces-staging\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/53bfa8ab3f374bc6d5f1b8efd03ab8a47e7162e412c1b93b788f5fe73e2927fd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/53bfa8ab3f374bc6d5f1b8efd03ab8a47e7162e412c1b93b788f5fe73e2927fd?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"admin-eces-staging\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/author\/admin-eces-staging\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"New Trends in Egypt's Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"New Trends in Egypt's Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES","og_description":"Abstract: This paper analyzes Egypt\u2019s trade policy reforms since 1980 to evaluate the general openness of the economy. Changes in tariffs, additional taxes and subsidies, non-tariff barriers and the exchange rate system are surveyed as indicators of liberalization trends in the economy. The analysis extends beyond the status quo and considers the future of trade [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/","og_site_name":"ECES","article_published_time":"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1806,"height":2560,"url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/W-P-36-En-1-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"admin-eces-staging","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"admin-eces-staging","Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/"},"author":{"name":"admin-eces-staging","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/7981d9621302fef3e6e0a1f65d658135"},"headline":"New Trends in Egypt&#8217;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges","datePublished":"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/"},"wordCount":134,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization"},"articleSection":["Working Papers"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/","url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/","name":"New Trends in Egypt's Trade Policy and Future Challenges - ECES","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#website"},"datePublished":"1999-03-01T06:08:00+00:00","dateModified":"2023-10-24T12:05:46+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/new-trends-in-egypts-trade-policy-and-future-challenges-wp36-march-1999\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"New Trends in Egypt&#8217;s Trade Policy and Future Challenges"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#website","url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/","name":"ECES","description":"The Egyptian Center For Economic Studies","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#organization","name":"ECES","url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/eces-logo-blue-text-beside.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/eces-logo-blue-text-beside.png","width":1794,"height":324,"caption":"ECES"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/7981d9621302fef3e6e0a1f65d658135","name":"admin-eces-staging","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/53bfa8ab3f374bc6d5f1b8efd03ab8a47e7162e412c1b93b788f5fe73e2927fd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/53bfa8ab3f374bc6d5f1b8efd03ab8a47e7162e412c1b93b788f5fe73e2927fd?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"admin-eces-staging"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/eces.org.eg"],"url":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/author\/admin-eces-staging\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19497"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29974,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19497\/revisions\/29974"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eces.org.eg\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}